![]() Vauxcelles in describing a group of artists who represented the objective world as a combination of geometric shapes and figures. The word “cubists” was used derisively in 1908–09 by the French critic L. Rubin, Pioneering Cubism (1989).Ī movement in modern art, chiefly in painting, during the first quarter of the 20th century that concentrated on the formal task of projecting three-dimensional forms onto a shallow surface and reducing to a minimum the representational and cognitive functions of art. ![]() Rosenblum, Cubism and Twentieth-Century Art (rev. Apollinaire, The Cubist Painters (1913, tr. It provided a new stylistic vocabulary and a technical idiom that remain forceful today. Although the cubist groups were largely dispersed after World War I, their collective break from visual realism had an enriching and decisive influence on the development of 20th-century art. While few painters remained faithful to cubism's rigorous tenets, many profited from its discipline. The cubist break with the tradition of imitation of nature was completed in the works of Picasso, Braque, and their many groups of followers. Within this revolutionary composition lay much of the basic material of cubism. of Modern Art, New York City) is one of the most significant examples of this influence. Picasso's Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907 Mus. African sculpture, particularly mask carvings, had enormous influence in the early years of the movement. In painting the several sources of cubist inspiration included the later work of Cézanne the geometric forms and compressed picture space in his paintings appealed especially to Braque, who developed them in his own works. Villon, Léger, Picabia, Kupka, Marcoussis, Gleizes, Apollinaire, and others) the Orphists (Delaunay, Duchamp, Picabia, and Villon see orphism) and the experimenters in collage who influenced cubist sculpture (Laurens and Lipchitz). The chief segments of the cubist movement included the Montmartre-based Bâteau-Lavoir group of artists and poets (Max Jacob, Guillaume Apollinaire, Gertrude and Leo Stein, Modigliani, Picabia, Delaunay, Archipenko, and others) the Puteaux group of the Section d'Or salon (J. In painting the major exponents of cubism included Picasso, Braque, Jean Metzinger, Gris, Duchamp, and Léger. The works of Picasso, Braque, and Gris are also representative of this phase. Brighter colors were employed to a generally more decorative effect, and many artists continued to use collage in their compositions. The trompe l'oeil element of collage was also sometimes used.ĭuring the later, synthetic phase of cubism (1913 through the 1920s), paintings were composed of fewer and simpler forms based to a lesser extent on natural objects. The cubists sought to show everyday objects as the mind, not the eye, perceives them-from all sides at once. Cubist abstraction as represented by the analytic works of Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and Juan Gris intended an appeal to the intellect. In addition, forms were rigidly geometric and compositions subtle and intricate. In the analytic phase (1907–12) the cubist palette was severely limited, largely to black, browns, grays, and off-whites. To replace these they employed an analytic system in which the three-dimensional subject (usually still life) was fragmented and redefined within a shallow plane or within several interlocking and often transparent planes. Among the specific elements abandoned by the cubists were the sensual appeal of paint texture and color, subject matter with emotional charge or mood, the play of light on form, movement, atmosphere, and the illusionism that proceeded from scientifically based perspective. Cubism began as an intellectual revolt against the artistic expression of previous eras.
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